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Outline of Philosophy Information

Philosophy – study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.[1][2] It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions (such as mysticism, myth, or the arts) by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument.[3] The word "Philosophy" comes from the Greek philosophia (φιλοσοφία), which literally means "love of wisdom".[4][5][6]

Contents

Core areas of philosophy

The core areas of philosophy are:

Major fields of philosophy

Other than the core areas, there are several fields of studied formally within philosophy. They are:

History of philosophy

Main article: History of philosophy

Ancient philosophy

Main article: Ancient philosophy

Western philosophy

Main article: Western philosophy

Eastern philosophy

Main article: Eastern philosophy

Contemporary philosophy

Main article: Contemporary philosophy

Philosophical theories

Main article: List of philosophical theories

Major traditions in philosophy

Anarchism

Main articles: Anarchism and Outline of anarchism

Analytic philosophy

Main article: Analytic philosophy

Continental philosophy

Main article: Continental philosophy

Eastern philosophy

Main article: Eastern philosophy

Marxist thought

Main article: Marxism

Philosophical movements

Main article: Philosophical movement

Ancient

Medieval

Modern

Contemporary

Philosophies by branch

Aesthetics

Further information: List of art movements

Epistemology

Ethics

Logic

Metaphysics

Social and political philosophy

Philosophy of language

Philosophy of law

Philosophy of mind

Philosophy of religion

Metatheory of science

Philosophical concepts

Main article: List of philosophical concepts

Philosophical literature

Main article: List of philosophical literature

Philosophers

Main article: Lists of philosophers Top: Plato, Confucius, Aristotle, Laozi, Augustine, Shankara, Avicenna, Maimonides, Averroes, Zhu Xi, Aquinas Bottom: Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Bentham, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Peirce, Nietzsche, Russell

See also

References

  1. ^ Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."
  2. ^ A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."
  3. ^ Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."
  4. ^ Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus
  5. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
  6. ^ The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe". Webster's New World Dictionary (Second College ed.).

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